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1 sort
I [sɔːt]1) (kind, type) tipo m., sorta f., genere m.board games, chess, that sort of thing — giochi di società, scacchi e cose del genere
an odd sort of chap un tipo strano; any sort of knife will do va bene un coltello qualsiasi; what sort of person would do such a thing? chi mai farebbe una cosa del genere? what sort of person do you think I am? per chi mi prendi? what sort of a reply is that? che (razza di) risposta è? you know the sort of thing (I mean) sai cosa voglio dire; a liar of the worst sort un bugiardo della peggior specie; something of that o the sort una cosa così, una cosa del genere; "I'll pay" - "you'll do nothing of the sort!" "pago io" - "neanche per sogno!"; I know his sort conosco il tipo; we see all sorts here ne vediamo di tutti i colori qui; he's a good sort — è un buon uomo
2) of sorts, of a sorta duck of sorts o of a sort una specie di anatra; a hero of sorts una sorta di eroe; progress of sorts — un qualche progresso
"is it hard? - "sort of" — "è difficile?" - "abbastanza", "più o meno"; (approximately)
••II [sɔːt]to be o feel out of sorts (ill) essere fuori fase; (grumpy) avere la luna storta; it takes all sorts (to make a world) — prov. il mondo è bello perché è vario
1) (classify, arrange) classificare, ordinare [files, stamps]; smistare [ letters]; selezionare [apples, potatoes]2) (separate) separare, dividere•- sort out* * *[so:t] 1. noun(a class, type or kind: I like all sorts of books; She was wearing a sort of crown.) sorta, tipo2. verb(to separate into classes or groups, putting each item in its place: She sorted the buttons into large ones and small ones.) ordinare, classificare, smistare- sorter- of a sort / of sorts
- out of sorts
- sort of
- sort out* * *I [sɔːt]1) (kind, type) tipo m., sorta f., genere m.board games, chess, that sort of thing — giochi di società, scacchi e cose del genere
an odd sort of chap un tipo strano; any sort of knife will do va bene un coltello qualsiasi; what sort of person would do such a thing? chi mai farebbe una cosa del genere? what sort of person do you think I am? per chi mi prendi? what sort of a reply is that? che (razza di) risposta è? you know the sort of thing (I mean) sai cosa voglio dire; a liar of the worst sort un bugiardo della peggior specie; something of that o the sort una cosa così, una cosa del genere; "I'll pay" - "you'll do nothing of the sort!" "pago io" - "neanche per sogno!"; I know his sort conosco il tipo; we see all sorts here ne vediamo di tutti i colori qui; he's a good sort — è un buon uomo
2) of sorts, of a sorta duck of sorts o of a sort una specie di anatra; a hero of sorts una sorta di eroe; progress of sorts — un qualche progresso
"is it hard? - "sort of" — "è difficile?" - "abbastanza", "più o meno"; (approximately)
••II [sɔːt]to be o feel out of sorts (ill) essere fuori fase; (grumpy) avere la luna storta; it takes all sorts (to make a world) — prov. il mondo è bello perché è vario
1) (classify, arrange) classificare, ordinare [files, stamps]; smistare [ letters]; selezionare [apples, potatoes]2) (separate) separare, dividere•- sort out -
2 sort
A n1 (kind, type) sorte f, genre m ; this sort of novel/fabric ce genre de roman/tissu ; this sort of rabbit/person ce genre de lapin/personne ; all sorts of reasons/people/colours toutes sortes de raisons/gens/couleurs ; machines of all sorts des machines de toutes sortes ; different sorts of cakes différentes sortes de gâteaux ; I like board games, backgammon, that sort of thing j'aime les jeux de société, le jaquet, ce genre de jeu ; books, records-that sort of thing des livres, des disques, ce genre de choses ; that's my sort of holiday GB ou vacation US c'est le genre de vacances que j'aime ; I'm not that sort of person ce n'est pas mon genre ; it's some sort of computer c'est une sorte d'ordinateur ; there must by some sort of mistake il doit y avoir une erreur ; this must be some sort of joke ça doit être une plaisanterie ; he must be some sort of madman ce doit être un fou ; I need a bag of some sort j'ai besoin d'un sac quelconque ; you must have some sort of idea tu dois avoir une idée ; an odd ou strange sort of chap un drôle de type ; radiation of any sort is harmful toutes les sortes de radiation sont dangereuses ; any sort of knife will do n'importe quel couteau fera l'affaire ; what sort of person would do such a thing? qui pourrait faire une chose pareille? ; what sort of person does she think I am? pour qui me prend-elle? ; what sort of thing does she like/read? qu'est-ce qu'elle aime/lit? ; what sort of a reply/an excuse is that? qu'est-ce que c'est que cette réponse/excuse? ; you know the sort of thing (I mean) tu vois ce que je veux dire ; the same sort of thing la même chose ; a liar of the worst sort un menteur de la pire or de la plus belle espèce ; in an embarrassed sort of way d'une façon plutôt embarrassée ; something of that ou the sort quelque chose comme ça ; I didn't say anything of the sort! je n'ai jamais dit une chose pareille! ; nothing of the sort ( not in the least) pas du tout ; ‘this milk is off’-‘it's nothing of the sort!’ ‘ce lait est tourné’-‘mais non, pas du tout!’ ; ‘I'll pay’-‘you'll do nothing of the sort!’ ‘je vais payer’-‘il n'en est pas question!’ ; ‘you're being awkward’-‘I'm being nothing of the sort’ ‘tu es vraiment exigeant’-‘ce n'est pas vrai du tout!’ ;2 ( in vague description) espèce f, sorte f ; some sort of bird une sorte or espèce d'oiseau ; a sort of blue uniform une sorte or espèce d'uniforme bleu ; a sort of elephant without a trunk une sorte or espèce d'éléphant sans trompe ;3 ( type of person) I know your/his sort je connais les gens de votre/son espèce ; people of her sort les gens de son espèce ; he's not the sort to betray his friends ce n'est pas le genre à trahir ses amis ; she's the sort who would cheat c'est le genre or elle est du genre à tricher ; we see all sorts here on voit toutes sortes de gens ici ; he's a good sort c'est un brave type ; she's a good sort c'est une brave fille ;4 Comput tri m.B of sorts, of a sort adv phr a duck of sorts ou of a sort une sorte de canard ; a hero of sorts une sorte de héros ; progress of sorts un semblant de progrès ; an answer of sorts un semblant de réponse.1 ( a bit) sort of cute/eccentric/embarrassed plutôt mignon/excentrique/gêné ; to sort of understand/sympathize comprendre/compatir plus ou moins ; ‘is it hard?-‘sort of’ ‘est-ce que c'est difficile?’-‘plutôt, oui’ ; ‘did you enjoy the film?’-‘sort of’ ‘est-ce que le film t'a plu?’-‘oui, c'était pas mal’ ;2 ( approximately) sort of blue-green dans les bleu-vert ; it just sort of happened c'est arrivé comme ça ; he was just sort of lying there il était étendu par terre comme ça.D vtr1 (classify, arrange) classer [data, files, stamps] ; trier [letters, apples, potatoes] ; to sort books into piles ranger des livres en piles ; to sort buttons by colour ranger des boutons par couleur ; to sort the apples according to size classer les pommes selon leur taille ;2 ( separate) séparer ; to sort the good potatoes from the bad séparer les bonnes pommes de terre des mauvaises ; to sort the old stock from the new séparer les vieux stocks des nouveaux.to be ou feel out of sorts ( ill) ne pas être dans son assiette ; ( grumpy) être de mauvais poil ○ ; it takes all sorts (to make a world) Prov il faut de tout pour faire un monde Prov.■ sort out:▶ sort [sth] out, sort out [sth]1 ( resolve) régler [problem, matter] ; to sort out the confusion dissiper un malentendu ; it will take me hours to sort this mess out il va me falloir des heures pour remettre de l'ordre dans tout ça ; I'll sort it out je m' en occuperai ; they have sorted out their differences ils ont réglé leurs différends ; go and sort it out elsewhere allez vous expliquer ailleurs ; it's time to sort this thing out il est temps de tirer cette affaire au clair ;2 ( organize) s'occuper de [details, arrangements] ; clarifier [ideas] ; I'll sort something out with Tim j'arrangerai quelque chose avec Tim ; Rex will sort something out for you Rex arrangera quelque chose pour vous ; I'll sort out with him what I have to do je verrai avec lui ce que j'ai à faire ;3 (tidy up, put in order) ranger [cupboard, desk] ; classer [files, documents] ; mettre de l'ordre dans [finances, affairs] ; to sort out one's life mettre de l'ordre dans sa vie ;4 ( select) trier [photos, clothes] ;5 ( find) trouver [replacement, stand-in] ;6 ( mend) réparer [clutch, fault] ;▶ sort out [sth]1 ( separate) to sort out the clean socks from the dirty séparer les chaussettes propres des chaussettes sales ; to sort out the truth from the lies démêler le vrai du faux ;2 ( establish) to sort out who is responsible établir qui est responsable ; we're still trying to sort out what happened nous essayons toujours de comprendre ce qui s'est passé ;▶ sort [sb] out ○1 ( punish) régler son compte à qn ○ ;2 ( help) [representative, receptionist, organizer] aider [person] ; the doctor will soon sort you out le médecin te remettra sur pied ;▶ sort [oneself] out ( get organized) s'organiser ; ( in one's personal life) résoudre ses problèmes ; to get oneself sorted out s'organiser ; things will sort themselves out les choses vont s'arranger d'elles-mêmes ; the problem sorted itself out le problème s'est résolu de lui-même.■ sort through:▶ sort through [sth] regarder, passer [qch] en revue [files, invoices] ; sort through the cards until you find the ace of clubs regarde toutes les cartes une par une pour trouver l'as de trèfle. -
3 sort
sort [sɔ:t]1. noun• ... and all sorts of things... et toutes sortes de choses encore• what sort do you want? quelle sorte voulez-vous ?• what sort of behaviour is this? qu'est-ce que c'est que cette façon de se conduire ?• what sort of an answer do you call that? vous appelez ça une réponse ?• I know his sort! je connais les gens de son espèce !• there was a sort of box in the middle of the room il y avait une sorte de boîte au milieu de la pièce► sort of (inf)I was sort of frightened that... j'avais un peu peur que... + ne + subj• aren't you pleased? -- sort of! tu n'es pas content ? -- bof ! (inf)• this is wrong -- nothing of the sort! c'est faux -- certainement pas !• I'll do nothing of the sort! je n'en ferai rien !a. ( = separate into groups) trier[+ problem, situation] régler qch3. compounds[+ ideas] mettre de l'ordre dans ; [+ problem, difficulties] régler• can you sort this out for me? est-ce que vous pourriez régler ça pour moi ?• did you sort out with him when you had to be there? est-ce que tu as décidé avec lui l'heure à laquelle tu dois y être ?• to sort o.s. out régler ses problèmes• I'll sort him out! (inf)(British) (by punishing, threatening) je vais m'occuper de lui !* * *[sɔːt] 1.1) (kind, type) sorte f, genre mbooks, records - that sort of thing — des livres, des disques, ce genre de choses
that's my sort of holiday GB ou vacation US — c'est le genre de vacances que j'aime
an odd ou strange sort of chap — un drôle de type
something of that ou the sort — quelque chose comme ça
nothing of the sort — ( not in the least) pas du tout
‘I'll pay’ - ‘you'll do nothing of the sort!’ — ‘je vais payer’ - ‘il n'en est pas question!’
2) ( in vague description) espèce f, sorte fsome sort of bird — une sorte or espèce d'oiseau
3) ( type of person)4) Computing tri m2.3.a duck of sorts ou of a sort — une sorte de canard
sort of adverbial phrase1) ( a bit)sort of cute — plutôt mignon/-onne
‘is it hard?’ - ‘sort of’ — ‘est-ce que c'est difficile?’ - ‘plutôt, oui’
2) ( approximately)4.transitive verb1) (classify, arrange) classer [data, files, stamps]; trier [letters, apples, potatoes]2) ( separate) séparer•Phrasal Verbs:- sort out••to be ou feel out of sorts — ( ill) ne pas être dans son assiette; ( grumpy) être de mauvais poil (colloq)
it takes all sorts (to make a world) — Prov il faut de tout pour faire un monde Prov
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4 detalle
m.1 detail (pormenor, rasgo).con detalle in detaildar detalles to give detailsentrar en detalles to go into detailpara más detalles, llame al teléfono… for more information, call…2 gift (obsequio).te he traído un detalle I've brought you a little present o a little something3 nice gesture or thought.¡pero qué detalle ha tenido! what a nice gesture!, how thoughtful of him/her!tener un detalle (con alguien) to be considerate (to somebody)es todo un detalle how courteous o consideratepres.subj.1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: detallar.* * *1 (pormenor) detail, particular2 (delicadeza) nice gesture, nice thought3 (toque decorativo) touch\al detalle COMERCIO retailcontar algo con detalle to tell something in (great) detail¡qué detalle! how nice!, how sweet!sin entrar en detalles without going into detailstener un detalle to be considerate, be thoughtful* * *noun m.* * *SM1) (=pormenor) detailcon todo detalle, con todos los detalles — in full detail
para más detalles vea... — for further details see...
2) (=atención) nice gesture¡qué detalle! — what a nice gesture, how thoughtful!
tiene muchos detalles — he is very considerate o thoughtful
es el primer detalle que te veo en mucho tiempo — it's the first sign of consideration I've had from you in a long time
3) (=regalo) small gift4) (Com)al detalle — retail antes de s
5) (Econ) (=estado de cuenta) statement; (=factura) bill* * *1)a) ( pormenor) detailb) ( elemento decorativo) detail2)a) ( pequeño regalo) little giftme trajo un detalle — he brought me a little gift o something
b) (Esp, Méx) (atención, gesto) nice (o thoughtful etc) gesturequé detalle! — how thoughtful of her (or you etc)!
en todo el tiempo que vivió en mi casa no tuvo ni un detalle conmigo — he made no gesture of appreciation in all the time he stayed with me
3) (Com)* * *= detail, precision, granularity, great length.Ex. Up to and including the fourteenth edition progress led to ever-increasing detail.Ex. Whether such precision will result in a catalogue more satisfactory to readers than that produced by the reasonable application of the vaguer AA is a moot point.Ex. On the other hand, the use of keywords from Dewey as a means of generating additional keywords for records was extremely fruitful and allowed better retrieval even if, on occasions, there was some loss of precision due to the granurality of the classification.Ex. Nor has this richness, this density, necessarily to do with complexity and great length.----* aclarar los detalles = work out + details.* analizar en detalle = consider + in detail.* comparar detalle a detalle = compare + point by point.* con cierto detalle = at some length.* con detalle = at a detailed level, in detail.* con más detalle = in most detail, in more detail.* con mayor detalle = in greater detail.* con muchos detalles = elaborately.* considerar en detalle = consider + at length.* dar detalles de = give + details of.* detalles = niceties [nicety, -sing.], particulars.* detalles concretos = fine detail(s), specifics, the.* de venta al detalle = retail.* el diablo está en los detalles = the devil (is/lives) in the details.* en detalle = at length.* en el detalle = in detail.* en los detalles = in detail.* estudiar en detalle = study + at length.* explicar en detalle = explain + at length.* explicar un Tema con más detalle = expand upon/on + Tema.* expresarse en detalle = express + Reflexivo + at length.* librero de venta al detalle = retail bookseller.* los detalles de la letra pequeña = the devil (is/lives) in the details.* minucioso del detalle = stickler for detail(s).* nivel de detalle = completeness, granularity, level of detail.* niveles de detalle en la descripción = levels of detail in the description.* no aburrir a Alguien con todos los detalles = spare + Nombe + all the details.* observar con más detalle = closer look.* pequeños detalles = minutiae, petty details.* por el detalle = for detail.* revelar detalles = give away + details.* todo lujo de detalles = chapter and verse.* tratar Algo en detalle = go into + Algo + at length.* tratar con más detalle = discuss + in greater detail.* tratar en detalle = treat + at length, discuss + at length.* tratar un tema en detalle = go into + detail.* un detalle = a little something.* vender al detalle = retail.* venta al detalle = retailing, retail trade.* ventas al detalle = retail sales.* * *1)a) ( pormenor) detailb) ( elemento decorativo) detail2)a) ( pequeño regalo) little giftme trajo un detalle — he brought me a little gift o something
b) (Esp, Méx) (atención, gesto) nice (o thoughtful etc) gesturequé detalle! — how thoughtful of her (or you etc)!
en todo el tiempo que vivió en mi casa no tuvo ni un detalle conmigo — he made no gesture of appreciation in all the time he stayed with me
3) (Com)* * *= detail, precision, granularity, great length.Ex: Up to and including the fourteenth edition progress led to ever-increasing detail.
Ex: Whether such precision will result in a catalogue more satisfactory to readers than that produced by the reasonable application of the vaguer AA is a moot point.Ex: On the other hand, the use of keywords from Dewey as a means of generating additional keywords for records was extremely fruitful and allowed better retrieval even if, on occasions, there was some loss of precision due to the granurality of the classification.Ex: Nor has this richness, this density, necessarily to do with complexity and great length.* aclarar los detalles = work out + details.* analizar en detalle = consider + in detail.* comparar detalle a detalle = compare + point by point.* con cierto detalle = at some length.* con detalle = at a detailed level, in detail.* con más detalle = in most detail, in more detail.* con mayor detalle = in greater detail.* con muchos detalles = elaborately.* considerar en detalle = consider + at length.* dar detalles de = give + details of.* detalles = niceties [nicety, -sing.], particulars.* detalles concretos = fine detail(s), specifics, the.* de venta al detalle = retail.* el diablo está en los detalles = the devil (is/lives) in the details.* en detalle = at length.* en el detalle = in detail.* en los detalles = in detail.* estudiar en detalle = study + at length.* explicar en detalle = explain + at length.* explicar un Tema con más detalle = expand upon/on + Tema.* expresarse en detalle = express + Reflexivo + at length.* librero de venta al detalle = retail bookseller.* los detalles de la letra pequeña = the devil (is/lives) in the details.* minucioso del detalle = stickler for detail(s).* nivel de detalle = completeness, granularity, level of detail.* niveles de detalle en la descripción = levels of detail in the description.* no aburrir a Alguien con todos los detalles = spare + Nombe + all the details.* observar con más detalle = closer look.* pequeños detalles = minutiae, petty details.* por el detalle = for detail.* revelar detalles = give away + details.* todo lujo de detalles = chapter and verse.* tratar Algo en detalle = go into + Algo + at length.* tratar con más detalle = discuss + in greater detail.* tratar en detalle = treat + at length, discuss + at length.* tratar un tema en detalle = go into + detail.* un detalle = a little something.* vender al detalle = retail.* venta al detalle = retailing, retail trade.* ventas al detalle = retail sales.* * *A1 (pormenor) detailsin entrar en detalles without going into detailsdescribe el paisaje con todo detalle he describes the scenery in great detailpara más detalles, diríjase a la oficina de información for further details, please apply to the information officees muy simpática y para más detalles soltera she's very nice and, not only that o what's more, she's singleno perdimos detalle de lo que pasó we didn't miss a thingno me dio detalles he didn't go into detail2 (elemento decorativo) detaillos detalles de la bóveda son de estilo mozárabe the detail on the dome is Mozarabic in stylechaqueta de lana con detalles en cuero woollen jacket with leather trimmingsB1(pequeño regalo): siempre que viene trae algún detalle whenever he comes he brings a little gift o a little something2 (atención, gesto) nice ( o thoughtful etc) gesture¡qué detalle! se acordó de mi cumpleaños how thoughtful o sweet of her to remember my birthday!tuvo el detalle de llamar para ver cómo me había ido he phoned to see how I had got on, which was very thoughtful of him¡qué detalle! dejarme una flor en el escritorio what a nice touch o gesture, she left me a flower on my deskera una persona llena de detalles he was full of thoughtful little gesturesC ( Com)1al detalle retailvender al detalle to sell retailventa al detalle retail sale2 (especificación) detaillos detalles the details o specifications* * *
Del verbo detallar: ( conjugate detallar)
detallé es:
1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo
detalle es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
detallar
detalle
detallar ( conjugate detallar) verbo transitivo
to detail
detalle sustantivo masculino
1
describir algo con todo detalle to describe sth in great detail
2
tener un detalle con algn to do sth nice for sb
3 (Com)
detallar verbo transitivo to give the details of, list
detalle sustantivo masculino
1 detail: dame más detalles, give me more details
2 (atención, cortesía) kindness: siempre tiene algún detalle con tu padre, he is always very considerate towards your father
3 (toque decorativo) touch
un detalle de buen gusto, a tasteful touch
4 (en fotografía, ilustración) detail
♦ Locuciones: al detalle, (en ventas) retail
con detalle, in depth, in great detail
' detalle' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
desarrollar
- hasta
- ínfima
- ínfimo
- pintar
- toque
- escapar
- insignificante
- intrascendente
- lindo
- mínimo
- minucia
- nota
- perder
- significativo
- simpático
English:
detail
- elaborate
- gesture
- minor
- particular
- practicality
- retail
- spell out
- stocking filler
- technicality
- thought
- touch
- escape
- spell
- sweet
* * *♦ nm1. [pormenor, dato] detail;nos dieron todo tipo de detalles they gave us all sorts of details;con detalle in detail;con todo detalle in great detail;con todo lujo de detalles with a wealth of detail;dar detalles to give details;entrar en detalles to go into detail(s);todo estaba organizado hasta el menor detalle everything was organized down to the smallest o last detail;no perdieron detalle de lo que se dijo they didn't miss a thing that was said;para más detalles, llame al teléfono… for more information, call…2. [elemento, rasgo] detail;un partido con detalles de buen fútbol a match with the odd moment of good football;un vestido de algodón con detalles en seda bordada a cotton dress with embroidered silk detail;observen los detalles decorativos alrededor del friso notice the decorative detail around the frieze3. [obsequio] gift;te he traído un detalle I've brought you a little present o a little something4. [atención] nice gesture o thought;¡qué detalle lo de acompañarnos a casa! how kind of him o what a nice gesture to bring us home!;¡pero qué detalle ha tenido! what a nice gesture!, how thoughtful of him!;tener un detalle (con alguien) to be considerate (to sb);tener el detalle de hacer algo to be kind enough to do sth;es todo un detalle how courteous o considerate;Fammarcarse un detalle to do something nice o kind5. [fragmento] [de cuadro, foto] detail;lámina 6: detalle del “Guernica” de Picasso plate 6: Picasso Guernica (detail)♦ al detalle loc advCom retail;en este almacén no se vende al detalle we don't sell retail in this warehouse* * *m1 detail;en detalle in detail;con todo lujo de detalles in great detail;entrar en detalles go into details2 figthoughtful gesture3:al detalle COM retail* * *detalle nm1) : detail2)al detalle : retail* * *detalle n1. (pormenor) detailnos contó con todo detalle lo que le había pasado he explained what had happened to him in great detail2. (gesto) nice gesture / kind gesture3. (regalo) little somethingno es un gran regalo, sólo es un detalle it's not a big present, just a little something¡qué detalle! how nice! / how thoughtful! -
5 Д-263
БОЛЬШАЯ ДОРОГА NP fixed WO1. obs a well built road connecting large population centershighroadmain road (thoroughfare) highway.«Как вы могли велеть, чтоб мне не давали лошадей? Что это за вздор - на большой дороге останавливать проезжающих?» (Герцен 1). "How could you give orders that I shouldn't have horses? What nonsense is this, stopping travellers on the highroad?" (1a).Около деревни Праца Ростову велено было искать Кутузова и государя... По большой дороге, на которую он выехал, толпились коляски, экипажи всех сортов, русские и австрийские солдаты всех родов войск, раненые и нераненые (Толстой 4). Rostov had been ordered to look for Kutuzov and the Tsar near the village of Pratzen....The highway on which he had come out was teeming with calashes and vehicles of all sorts, with Russian and Austrian soldiers of all arms, some wounded and some not (4a).2. ( sing only) the correct, main course of development of sth., the one that will lead to further progress, advancement etcthe right directionthe right track (in limited contexts) (be (get sth. etc) back on track.«Помнишь, Анфиса, как он сказал на собрании? Меня, говорит, либо на кладбище отвезете, либо я выведу на большую дорогу (колхоз) „Новую жизнь"» (Абрамов 1). "You remember, Anfisa, what he said at the meeting? He said, 'If I don't get New Life Kolkhoz back on track, you can just cart me away to the cemetery'" (1a). -
6 большая дорога
[NP; fixed WO]=====1. obs a well-built road connecting large population centers:- highroad;- highway.♦ "Как вы могли велеть, чтоб мне не давали лошадей? Что это за вздор - на большой дороге останавливать проезжающих?" (Герцен 1). "How could you give orders that I shouldn't have horses? What nonsense is this, stopping travellers on the highroad?" (1a).♦ Около деревни Праца Ростову велено было искать Кутузова и государя... По большой дороге, на которую он выехал, толпились коляски, экипажи всех сортов, русские и австрийские солдаты всех родов войск, раненые и нераненые (Толстой 4). Rostov had been ordered to look for Kutuzov and the Tsar near the village of Pratzen....The highway on which he had come out was teeming with calashes and vehicles of all sorts, with Russian and Austrian soldiers of all arms, some wounded and some not (4a).2. [sing only]⇒ the correct, main course of development of sth., the one that will lead to further progress, advancement etc:- [in limited contexts](be (get sth. etc) back on track.♦ "Помнишь, Анфиса, как он сказал на собрании? Меня, говорит, либо на кладбище отвезете, либо я выведу на большую дорогу [колхоз] "Новую жизнь"" (Абрамов 1). "You remember, Anfisa, what he said at the meeting? He said, 'If I don't get New Life Kolkhoz back on track, you can just cart me away to the cemetery'" (1a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > большая дорога
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7 traba
f.1 obstacle.poner trabas (a alguien) to put obstacles in the way (of somebody)2 chock.3 crosspiece.4 barrette.5 tether.pres.indicat.3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: trabar.* * *1 (de caballería) hobble2 (unión) bond, tie3 figurado (impedimento) hindrance, obstacle\poner trabas figurado to put obstacles in the way* * *SF2) pl trabas [de prisionero] shackles3) (=estorbo) obstacle, hindrancesin trabas — unrestrained, free
poner trabas a — to restrain, obstruct
ponerse trabas — to make difficulties for o.s.
* * *1) ( en ventana) catch; ( entre dos vigas) tie; ( para caballo) hobble; ( para preso) shackles (pl); ( de cinturón) belt loop2) (dificultad, impedimento) obstacle3) (Col, Ven arg) ( efecto) high (colloq)* * *= albatross.Ex. The sheer margin of the challenger's victory over the incumbent is a sign that the Democratic base is really fired up, and that Bush could be an albatross.----* encontrarse con una traba = face + limitation, face + barrier.* enfrentarse a una traba = face + limitation, face + barrier.* libre de trabas = unencumbered.* poner trabas = cramp.* sin trabas = unrestricted, unconstrained, unhampered, unhindered, unimpeded, untrammelled, unfettered, freewheeling [free-wheeling], unencumbered.* * *1) ( en ventana) catch; ( entre dos vigas) tie; ( para caballo) hobble; ( para preso) shackles (pl); ( de cinturón) belt loop2) (dificultad, impedimento) obstacle3) (Col, Ven arg) ( efecto) high (colloq)* * *= albatross.Ex: The sheer margin of the challenger's victory over the incumbent is a sign that the Democratic base is really fired up, and that Bush could be an albatross.
* encontrarse con una traba = face + limitation, face + barrier.* enfrentarse a una traba = face + limitation, face + barrier.* libre de trabas = unencumbered.* poner trabas = cramp.* sin trabas = unrestricted, unconstrained, unhampered, unhindered, unimpeded, untrammelled, unfettered, freewheeling [free-wheeling], unencumbered.* * *A1 (en una ventana) catch2 (entre dos vigas) tie4 (de un cinturón) belt loopCompuesto:( RPl) tie pinB (dificultad, impedimento) obstacleempezó a ponerme trabas he began to come up with all sorts of snags o obstaclesC (Col, Ven arg)1 (marihuana) grass (sl)* * *
Del verbo trabar: ( conjugate trabar)
traba es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
traba
trabar
traba sustantivo femenino
1 ( en ventana) catch;
( de cinturón) belt loop
2 (dificultad, impedimento) obstacle;
trabar ( conjugate trabar) verbo transitivo
1
( para que no se cierre) to hold … back o open
2
3 ‹proceso/negociaciones› to hamper the progress of
trabarse verbo pronominal [cajón/cierre] to get jammed o stuck;
traba f (impedimento) hindrance, obstacle: no me puso ninguna traba, he didn't raise any objection
trabar verbo transitivo
1 (entrelazar dos piezas) to bond, join
2 (impedir el movimiento) to block
(una acción, un proyecto) to obstruct
3 (empezar una conversación, disputa, amistad) to strike up
4 Culin to thicken
' traba' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
freno
- trabarse
- lengua
- trabar
English:
disincentive
* * *traba nf1. [obstáculo] obstacle;poner trabas a alguien to put obstacles in sb's way;necesito trabajar sin trabas de ningún tipo I need to be able to work without any kind of constraints2. [para coche] chock3. [de mesa] crosspiece4. RP [seguro] bolt* * *f obstacle;poner trabas raise objections;sin trabas without a hitch* * *traba nf1) : tie, bond2) : obstacle, hinderance -
8 drôle
drôle [dʀol]adjectivea. ( = amusant, bizarre) funny• tu es drôle, je ne pouvais pourtant pas l'insulter ! you must be joking - I could hardly insult him!• il a fait une drôle de tête ! he pulled such a face!* * *dʀol1) ( bizarre) funny, oddc'est drôle de faire/que — it's odd to do/that
ce qui est or ce qu'il y a de drôle c'est que — the funny thing is that
drôle de remerciement/consolation! — some thanks/consolation!
2) ( amusant) funny, amusingvous êtes drôle, vous! — iron don't make me laugh!
3) (colloq) ( grand)un drôle de courage/travail — a lot of courage/work
•Phrasal Verbs:••* * *dʀol adj1) (= amusant) funnyÇa n'est pas drôle. — It's not funny.
2) (= bizarre) funny, peculiarun drôle de... — a strange..., a funny...
3) (intensif)un drôle de... — an incredible..., a terrific...
* * *A adj1 ( bizarre) funny, odd; c'est drôle comme les gens changent it's funny how people change; c'est un drôle de type he's odd; il avait un drôle d'air he had an odd expression; de drôles d'histoires odd sorts of stories; c'est drôle de faire/que it's odd to do/that; c'est drôle qu'elle n'ait pas téléphoné it's odd that she hasn't phoned; ce qui est or ce qu'il y a de drôle c'est que the funny thing is that; avoir l'air/se sentir (tout) drôle to look/to feel a bit funny○; faire (tout) drôle à qn to give sb a funny feeling; faire une drôle de tête to make a bit of a face; vous êtes drôle, vous! iron don't make me laugh!; drôle de remerciement/consolation! some thanks/consolation!;2 ( amusant) [histoire, spectacle, comédien] funny, amusing; [vie] fun; ça n'a rien de drôle there is nothing funny about that; ce n'est pas drôle de faire it's no joke doing;3 ○( grand) un drôle de courage/travail a lot of courage/work; j'ai eu or reçu une drôle d'engueulade○! I got a real telling-off!B †nm old rascal†; mauvais drôle scoundrel†.drôle de guerre Hist phoney war.j'en ai entendu de drôles I heard some funny things; en faire voir de drôles à qn to lead sb a merry dance.[drol] adjectifle plus drôle c'est que... the funny thing is that...a. [pas amusant] it's not funny!, I don't find that funny ou amusing!b. [pénible] it's no joke!tu aurais dû le laisser faire — tu es drôle, il se serait fait mal! (familier) you should have let him — are you kidding? he'd have hurt himself!(tout)/toute drôle (familier) : ça me fait (tout) drôle de revenir ici it feels really strange to be backça fait un drôle de bruit it makes a strange ou funny noisedrôles de gens! what peculiar ou strange people!avoir un drôle d'air to look strange ou funny3. [en intensif]drôle de (familier) : il a de drôles de problèmes en ce moment he hasn't half got some problems at the momentça a de drôles d'avantages! it's got terrific ou fantastic advantages!————————[drol] nom masculin[enfant déluré] little rascal ou rogue————————drôles nom féminin pluriel(familier) [histoires]il en a entendu/raconté de drôles! he heard/told some very weird stories! -
9 _різне
aim at the stars, but keep your feet on the ground all are not thieves that dogs bark at all cats are grey in the dark all roads lead to Rome always lend a helping hand among the blind the one-eyed man is king as the days grow longer, the storms are stronger at a round table, there is no dispute of place a bad excuse is better than none a bad vessel is seldom broken be just before you're generous be just to all, but trust not all the best things come in small packages the best way to resist temptation is to give in to it better alone than in bad company better an empty house than a bad tenant better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion better ride an ass that carries me than a horse that throws me better to beg than to steal, but better to work than to beg better a tooth out than always aching between two stools one goes to the ground a bird may be known by its flight a bird never flew on one wing a bit in the morning is better than nothing all day a bleating sheep loses a bite a blind man would be glad to see a blind man needs no looking glass bread always falls buttered side down a burden which one chooses is not felt butter to butter is no relish cast no dirt in the well that gives you water the chain is no stronger than its weakest link a change is as good as a rest Christmas comes but once a year circumstances after cases cleanliness is next to godliness the cobbler's wife is the worst shod a cold hand, a warm heart comparisons are odious consistency is a jewel consideration is half of conversation a creaking door hangs long on its hinges desperate diseases must have desperate remedies the devil looks after his own diamond cut diamond dirt shows the quickest on the cleanest cotton discontent is the first step in progress do as you would be done by dog does not eat dog a dog that will fetch a bone will carry a bone a dog will not cry if you beat him with a bone do not spoil the ship for a ha'porth of tar do not throw pearls before swine do your best and leave the rest with God do your duty and be afraid of none don't be a yes-man don't cut off your nose to spite your face don't drown yourself to save a drowning man don't look a gift horse in the mouth don't spur a willing horse don't strike a man when he is down don't swap the witch for the devil eagles don't catch flies eagles fly alone, but sheep flock together the English are a nation of shopkeepers even a stopped clock is right twice a day every cock sings in his own way every fish that escapes seems greater than it is every man is a pilot in a calm sea every medal has its reverse side every thing comes to a man who does not need it every tub smells of the wine it holds evil communications corrupt good manners the exception proves the rule exchange is no robbery extremes meet facts are stubborn things familiarity breeds contempt fast bind, fast find fields have eyes, and woods have ears fight fire with fire figure on the worst but hope for the best fingers were made before forks the fire which lights us at a distance will burn us when near the first shall be last and the last, first follow your own star forbearance is no acquittance the fox knows much, but more he that catches him from the day you were born till you ride in a hearse, there's nothing so bad but it might have been worse from the sweetest wine, the tartest vinegar fruit is golden in the morning, silver at noon, and lead at night gambling is the son of avarice and the father of despair the game is not worth the candles a gentleman never makes any noise the gift bringer always finds an open door the giver makes the gift precious a good horse cannot be of a bad colour a good tale is none the worse for being twice told good riddance to bad rubbish the greatest right in the world is the right to be wrong the half is more than the whole half a loaf is better than no bread half an orange tastes as sweet as a whole one hawk will not pick out hawk's eyes the heart has arguments with which the understanding is unacquainted he may well swim that is held up by the chin he that doesn't respect, isn't respected he that lies down with dogs must rise with fleas he that would live at peace and rest must hear and see and say the best he who is absent is always in the wrong he who follows is always behind the higher the climb, the broader the view history is a fable agreed upon hitch your wagon to a star the ideal we embrace is our better self if a bee didn't have a sting, he couldn't keep his honey if a sheep loops the dyke, all the rest will follow I fear Greeks even when bringing gifts if each would sweep before his own door, we should have a clean city if the cap fits, wear it if the mountain will not come to Mohammed, Mohammed must go to the mountain if you cannot bite, never show your teeth if you cannot have the best, make the best of what you have if you cannot speak well of a person, don't speak of him at all if you leave your umbrella at home, it is sure to rain if you wish to see the best in others, show the best of yourself ill news travels fast ill weeds grow apace an inch breaks no square it always pays to be a gentleman it costs nothing to ask it is easier to descend than ascend it is easier to pull down than to build up it is good fishing in troubled waters it is idle to swallow the cow and choke on the tail it is the last straw that breaks the camel's back it is sometimes best to burn your bridges behind you it is well to leave off playing when the game is at the best it is not clever to gamble, but to stop playing it's a small world it takes all sorts to make a world it takes a thief to catch a thief jealousy is a green-eyed monster jealousy is a proof of self-love keep a dress seven years and it will come back into style keep no more cats than will catch mice kindle not a fire that you cannot extinguish kissing goes by favor jam tomorrow and jam yesterday, but never jam today a joy that's shared is a joy made double justice is blind lay not the load on the lame horse learn to creep before you leap let the cock crow or not, the day will come the longest road is sometimes the shortest way home lookers-on see most of the game man does not live by bread alone many are called but few are chosen many go out for wool and come home shorn many stumble at a straw and leap over a block men cease to interest us when we find their limitations a misty morn may have a fine day the mob has many heads but no brains the moon is not seen when the sun shines the more the merrier mountain has brought forth a mouse much water runs by the mill that the miller knows not of name not a halter in his house that hanged himself the nearer the bone, the sweeter the meat never be the first by whom the new is tried nor yet the last to lay the old aside never do anything yourself you can get somebody else to do never is a long time never let your left hand know what your right hand is doing never make a bargain with the devil on a dark day never quarrel with your bread and butter never tell tales out of school a nod's as good as a wink to a blind horse no joy without alloy no man is a hero to his valet no mud can soil us but the mud we throw no names, no pack-drill no news good news no one but the wearer knows where the shoe pinches none is so blind as they who will not see none of us is perfect nothing is certain but the unforeseen nothing is easy to the unwilling nothing is so good but it might have been better nothing is stolen without hands nothing new under the sun nothing seems quite as good as new after being broken an old poacher makes the best keeper once is no rule one dog barks at nothing, the rest bark at him one good turn deserves another one half of the world does not know how the other half lives one hand washes the other one man's meat is another man's poison one picture is worth ten thousand words one volunteer is worth two pressed men one whip is good enough for a good horse; for a bad one, not a thousand opposites attract each other the orange that is squeezed too hard yields a bitter juice other people's burdens killed the ass out of the mire into the swamp painted flowers have no scent paper is patient: you can put anything on it people condemn what they do not understand pigs might fly the pitcher goes often to the well please ever; tease never plenty is no plague the porcupine, whom one must handle gloved, may be respected but is never loved the proof of the pudding is in the eating the remedy is worse than the disease reopen not the wounds once healed a rolling stone gathers no moss the rotten apple injures its neighbors scratch my back and I shall scratch yours the sea refuses no river seize what is highest and you will possess what is in between seldom seen, soon forgotten silence scandal by scandal the sharper the storm, the sooner it's over the sheep who talks peace with a wolf will soon be mutton since we cannot get what we like, let us like what we can get small faults indulged in are little thieves that let in greater solitude is at times the best society some people are too mean for heaven and too good for hell the soul of a man is a garden where, as he sows, so shall he reap sour grapes can never make sweet wine sow a thought and reap an act the sow loves bran better than roses a stick is quickly found to beat a dog with still waters run deep stoop low and it will save you many a bump through life a straw shows which way the wind blows a stream cannot rise above its source the style is the man the sun loses nothing by shining into a puddle the sun shines on all the world the sun will shine down our street too sunday plans never stand suspicion may be no fault, but showing it may be a great one sweetest nuts have the hardest shells the tail cannot shake the dog take things as they are, not as you'd have them tastes differ there are more ways of killing a dog than hanging it there is always room at the top there is life in the old dog yet there is no rose without a thorn there is small choice in rotten apples there is truth in wine there's as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it they need much whom nothing will content they that dance must pay the fiddler they walk with speed who walk alone those who hide can find three removals are as bad as a fire to the pure all things are pure to work hard, live hard, die hard, and go to hell after all would be hard indeed too far east is west translation is at best an echo a tree is known by its fruit a tree often transplanted neither grows nor thrives two can play at that game two dogs over one bone seldom agree venture a small fish to catch a great one the voice with a smile always wins wear my shoes and you'll know where they pitch we weep when we are born, not when we die what can you have of a cat but her skin what can't be cured must be endured what matters to a blind man that his father could see what you lose on the swings, you gain on the roundabouts when all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail when a dog is drowning, everyone offers him drink when in doubt, do nowt when interest is lost, memory is lost when a man lays the foundation of his own ruin, others will build on it when a river does not make a noise, it is either empty or very full when the devil is dead, he never lacks a chief mourner when two ride on one horse one must sit behind where bees are, there is honey where it is weakest, there the thread breaks who seeks what he should not finds what he would not why keep a dog and bark yourself? a wonder lasts but nine days the worth of a thing is best known by its want the world is a ladder for some to go up and some down would you persuade, speak of interest, not of reason you buy land, you buy stones; you buy meat, you buy bones you can take a horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink you can tell the day by the morning you cannot lose what you never had you cannot touch pitch and not be defiled you can't put new wine in old bottles you can't walk and look at the stars if you have a stone in your shoe your looking glass will tell you what none of your friends will zeal without knowledge is a runaway horse -
10 judge
1. Ias far as I can judge насколько я могу судить; it is for you to judge тебе /ты должен сам/ судить /решать/; leave it to them to judge пусть они решают; it is hard to judge трудно судить2. II1) judge justly (impartially, wisely, judiciously, rigidly, etc.) справедливо и т. д. судить, выносить справедливый и т. д. приговор; I have heard the evidence and will judge accordingly я выслушал свидетельские показания и смогу вынести соответствующий приговор2) judge superficially (rashly, correctly, etc.) делать поверхностные и т. д. выводы; it is best not to judge at first sight no первому впечатлению лучше не судить; how can I judge? как я могу судить?3. IIIjudge smth., smb.1) judge civil and criminal cases (all sorts of cases, a case of forgery, a case of imposture, etc.) рассматривать гражданские и уголовные дела и т. д., the Supreme Court is judging that case это дело разбирается в Верховном суде; judge a criminal (a burglar, a forger, etc.) судить преступника и т. д.2) judge a football match (a tennis tournament, a regatta, etc.) судить футбольный матч и т. д., who judgeed the race? кто был в жюри гонок?3) judge men (artists, institutions, a play, a project, etc.) судить о людях и т. д.; it is not for me to judge you не мне вас осуждать; it is hard to judge his abilities трудно судить о его способностях4. IVjudge smth., smb. in some manner1) judge smth., smb. justly (impartially, objectively, etc.) справедливо и т. д. судить что-л., кого-л., выносить справедливый и т. д. приговор по делу о чем-л., о ком-л.2) judge smb., smth. superficially (rashly, correctly, etc.) судить о ком-л., о чем-л. поверхностно и т. д.; don't judge them too harshly не судите их слишком строго5. VI1) judge smb. as being in some state judge smb. innocent (guilty) признавать /находить/ кого-л. невиновным (виновным)2) judge it to have some quants or be in some state to do smth. judge it necessary (useful, correct, etc.) to do smth. считать необходимым и т. д. сделать что-л.; judge smb. to be correct (to be good, to be a very honest man, etc.) полагать, что кто-л. прав и т. д.; I judged him to be about 50 я решил, что ему лет пятьдесят; I judged it prudent to stay at home я счел благоразумным остаться дома; we judged it better to start at once мы рассудили, что лучше уж отправиться немедленно; the committee judged it better to postpone the meeting комиссия решила, что собрание следует отложить6. VIIjudge smth. to be smth. judge the moon to be a globe (the distance to be about four miles, etc.) считать /полагать, думать/, что луна представляет собой шар и т. д.; he judged it to be a small town он решил, что это маленький городок;7. XIbe judged as having some quality it was judged better to start /to set out/ at once было решено, что лучше немедленно отправиться в путь; be judged by (on) smth. a man should be judged by his deeds, not by his words о человеке надо судить по делам, а не по словам; when judged by modern standards когда меряют современными мерками; the question should be judged on its merits вопрос надо решать по существу8. XVI1) judge by /from/ smth. judge by /from/ appearances (by /from/ looks, by /from/ what people say, by the results, by one's dress, from the lessons of the past, from statistics made public, from this point of view, etc.) судить по внешнему виду и т. д.; I judged from his manner that he was new here из его поведения я сделал вывод, что он здесь новичок; judging by what you say, he ought to succeed судя по тому, что вы говорите, он должен добиться успеха; judge of smth. judge of its size (of its merits, of his progress, etc.) судить о размере и т. д.; one is at a loss to judge of its contents from the title no заглавию трудно судить о содержании; judge for oneself judge for yourself судите сами2) judge at smth. will you judge at the flower-show next week? не согласитесь ли вы быть арбитром на выставке цветов на будущей неделе?; judge between smb. he asked me to judge between them он попросил меня рассудить их9. XXI1judge [of] smth., smb. by smth. judge [of] a book by its cover (a student by his answer, a woman by her appearance, others by oneself, etc.) судить о книге по обложке и т. д.; don't judge me by that translation не судите обо мне по этому переводу; it is unfair to judge them by our standards неверно /несправедливо/ судить о них по нашей мерке10. XXVjudge that... (whether...) judge that the boy will forget (that the government would fall, that it would be better to start at once, etc.) приходить к выводу /заключать/, что мальчик забудет и т. д.; I can't judge whether he was right or wrong я не могу судить /решить/, прав он был или нет -
11 make
[meɪk]v1) делать, производить, изготавливать- make a table- make a house
- make a road
- make a list2) готовить, приготовить- make breakfast- make tea
- make coffee
- make a pie
- make the bed
- made of stone
- make a report
- make a mistake
- make a remark
- make a statement
- make no exceptions- make choice- make noise
- make progress
- make payments
- make a living3) заставлять, побуждать4) привести в состояние, обозначенное прилагательным5) сделаться, становиться, превращаться- it takes all sorts of fish to make the world
- money makes money
- one man doesn't make a team
- one swallow doesn't make a summer
- practice makes perfect•USAGE:(1.) Глагол to make 1. может употребляться с предлогами from и of: to make smth from smth делать что-либо/использовать что-либо в качестве сырья; we made a shelter from leaves and branches мы соорудили укрытие из листьев и веток; to make smth of smth делать что-либо/обрабатывая что-либо в качестве материала; the jacket is made of wool куртка сделана из шерсти. (2.) Инфинитив в конструкции Complex Object, следующий за активной формой глагола to make 2., употребляется без частицы to; при пассивной форме глагола to make последующий инфинитив употребляется с частицей to: he made me come again он заставил меня придти повторно; he was made to come again его заставили придти повторно; he was made to pay all travelling expenses его заставили оплатить дорожные расходы. (3.) For make 3.; See watch, v -
12 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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